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NASA the National Aeronautics and Space

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Administration presents Aeronautics and

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Space Report 1967 marked the end of the

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first decade since Sputnik it was an

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eventful year in space a year when this

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country's biggest rocket was flown for

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the first time a year when the moon was

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mapped in its entirety and a year when

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remarkable color pictures of the earth

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were received from a globe orbiting

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satellite these are the highlights there

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were three successful surveyors this

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year helping prepare the way for

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Americans who would land on the moon

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these three legged crafts hurled two

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hundred thirty-five thousand miles from

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Earth and sat down gently on the moon

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their job photographed large areas of

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the lunar surface this the surveyors did

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and more upon a signal from Earth an

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Arman surveyor three with a small shovel

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attached extended out to this unknown

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soil retrieved a scoop full and placed

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it on one of the spacecraft's landing

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pads surveyors camera then took a look

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at the moon material in color other

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instrumentation has chemically sampled

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the soil but the surveyors were not

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alone

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three picture-taking lunar orbiters gave

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scientists a different perspective as

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they circled above the moon again

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pictures pictures from a distance and

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pictures close up pictures revealing the

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lunar surface in remarkable detail the

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kind of detail needed before men land

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they're explaining what we've learned

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from the two spacecraft NASA's Assistant

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Director for lunar flight programs

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captain Lee sure there are three major

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accomplishments of the severe and lunar

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orbiter programs they have demonstrated

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that we have the technical competence to

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do a significant exploration of the

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planets with automated spacecraft they

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have shown us that the moon is a complex

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and scientifically interesting place for

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further exploration by man and they have

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paved the way for that first man landing

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this will be accomplished along the

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equatorial belt of the moon in this zone

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the eight smoothest sites have been

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selected from orbiter photography in the

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four of these surveyors have landed the

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next step is that historic moment

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when man first sets foot on the lunar

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surface it will be a launch vehicle like

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this Saturn 5 that will one day boost

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astronauts toward the moon in this

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important first flight test on November

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separations occurred as programmed

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shown here in animation the

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all-important re-entry to duplicate a

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return trip from the moon if two

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exceeded its requirements the spacecraft

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skipped in and out of the Earth's

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atmosphere to slow it down blazing in at

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nearly 25,000 miles per hour simulating

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a lunar return finally a landing in the

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Pacific within sight of recovery ships a

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textbook flight from liftoff to

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splashdown Saturn five and its million

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1967 was a year when three astronauts

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were lost during a ground test of the

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Apollo command module

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since then the spacecraft has been

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redesigned a quick opening hatch for

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emergency exits special covers and

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guards for panels fireproof containers

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for potentially flammable materials and

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new electrical circuit designs the new

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Apollo spacecraft is ready and so are

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the men who will make the first flight

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1967 was an especially busy year for

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other unmanned space explorers bio

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satellite carried out the first

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biological research in space under

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controlled conditions 13 experiments

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were chosen to study how various life

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processes are affected by the space

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environment these earthly space

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travelers included frog eggs wheat

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seedlings wasps and flour beetles the

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main objectives of the mission were to

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study the effects of weightlessness and

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radiation upon living organisms after

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two days in space the bio satellite

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capsule re-entered the Earth's

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atmosphere was snatched in midair by

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plane and rushed to Hawaii to waiting

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scientists it was learned from the

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flight that several types of plants are

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dependent upon a continuous gravity

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field however most of the data from the

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various experiments including those for

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radiation are still being studied three

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Observatory type spacecraft were

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launched during the year this is a go

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orbiting geophysical Observatory in

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addition to giving scientists a better

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understanding of interplanetary and

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galactic space logos many experiment

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hours of data may eventually unlock some

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of the mysteries of the Earth's

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environment - spacecraft in the orbiting

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solar observatory series are studying

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the Sun and its influence on the earth

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the Sun is the nearest star to our

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planet and the only one we can study in

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detail here's an ultraviolet view as

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never before seen it indicates solar

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heat in excess of a million and a half

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degrees orbiting solar observatories

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will also serve as watchdogs for future

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space travelers enabling those on the

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ground to advise astronauts of solar

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activity warning them when they should

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come in out of possibly hazardous solar

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storms complimenting the observatory

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satellites - interplanetary monitoring

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probes explorers 34 and 35 they too are

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part of a solar flare production

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capability to aid the lunar landing

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they are also reporting on the

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magnetosphere which protects the earth

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from radiation the reliable Atlas Aegina

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launch vehicle was used this year to

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launch the second and third in a series

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of five applications technology

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satellites the spider shaped spacecraft

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are being used to test out experimental

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systems for improving weather forecasts

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radio television and communications of

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all kinds up till now

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airplanes flying over mid-ocean have

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been out of radio range for periods of

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an hour or more with ats technology

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this conversation between a Pan Am jet

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pilot and mainland United States took

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place when the plane was half way from

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New York to London the communication

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travelled from the ground to the

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satellite and finally to the airplane

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ATS can also relay color TV and multiple

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telephone calls from around the globe

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color pictures of the earth show the

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changing cloud pattern over the world

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for an entire day giving weather men a

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view in color of developing storms while

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the 80s were checking out possible

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advanced application systems NASA

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launched six more operational satellites

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three SS satellites for the weather

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bureau and three intercept spacecraft

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for the communication satellite

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On June 14th a 540 pound spacecraft

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called Mariner was launched toward the

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planet Venus

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after travelling through space for

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nearly 3 and 1/2 months and covering a

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distance of 219 million miles Mariner 5

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flew by Venus the highly successful

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Mariner transmitted data about the

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Venusian atmosphere ionosphere magnetic

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fields and the energy levels of cosmic

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rays in Pasadena the director of the Jet

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Propulsion Laboratory talked about the

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results here's dr. William H Pickering

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on October 19th for this year

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905 flew past the planet Venus at a

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distance of about 2500 miles above the

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surface this was the second successful

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Mariner mission to the planet the past

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of the Mariner is shown by this model

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and between these two points of the path

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around the planet Mariner was out of

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sight of the earth this was done

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deliberately so that we could observe

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the effect of radio signals passing

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through the atmosphere of the planet

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Venus by observing the effect of the

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atmosphere on the radio pigments we were

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able to learn a great deal about the

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atmosphere of a planet to show for

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example that it is exceedingly dense at

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the surface that it is mostly carbon

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dioxide san marco' is the name of a

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cooperative effort between NASA and the

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Italian commission for Space Research a

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launch pad anchored off the coast of

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Kenya Africa was the site of the

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scientific launching the successful San

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Marco reported on the makeup of the

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Earth's atmosphere and investigated the

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causes of interference with long-range

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radio transmissions more than 360

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sounding rockets were used to probe the

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regions of the lower and middle

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atmospheres many of these experiments

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were in cooperation with other nations

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interested scientists from all over the

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world bring their experiments to NASA's

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Wallops Island Virginia sounding rocket

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station for launching

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NASA continued broadly applicable basic

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research in aeronautics during 1967

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supersonic aircraft technology was of

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particular interest this effort included

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the operation of test planes like this

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xb-70 the xb-70 is being used to study

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the flight dynamics associated with

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supersonic speeds the huge bird-like

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plane duplicates the size and speed of

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the SST

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although primary interest has been on

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materials propulsion and flight dynamics

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work in such areas as fuels radiation

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factors and sonic boom is also

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continuing one thing the xb-70 cannot

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simulate is the variable-sweep feature

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of the SST which allows the plane's

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wings to fold close to the fuselage for

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supersonic travel and then swing back to

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normal position for landing the f-111

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can however and NASA is using this plane

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to provide much of the experience needed

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to study the variable-sweep

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characteristics of supersonic transports

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to study speeds in excess of 3500 miles

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per hour the hypersonic x-15 rocket

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airplane is used the usual jet black

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x-15 took on a new appearance this year

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as it was painted with a special

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ablative coating to withstand the

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searing heat beyond Mach 7 on October

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3rd

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Major William Knight set a new speed

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record with the newly painted rocket

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plane 4,500 34 miles per hour as usual

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the x-15 is carried aloft by a giant

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b-52 when the desired altitude is

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reached the x-15 drops away and

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major night and all the test pilots at

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the Flight Research Center mourn the

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recent death of major Michael J Adams in

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a fatal crash of one of the x-15 the

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first fatality since the program began

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in 1959 a so-called HL 10 lifting body

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was successfully tested this year at the

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Flight Research Center lifting body

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craft are being studied there's one

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possible means of flying future

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spacecraft back to earth after a mission

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rather than parachuting into the ocean

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their stubby design will allow an

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astronaut to maneuver his spaceship back

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through the Earth's atmosphere and then

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land like a conventional airplane jet

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aircraft noise is a national problem

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NASA's effort is part of a nationwide

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program with other government agencies

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and industry is threefold while studies

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are going on to improve existing engines

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the Lewis Research Center in Cleveland

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is designing a completely new engine

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designed to be quiet across the country

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at NASA's Ames Research Center in

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California especially instrumented jet

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is being operated in a way to decrease

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the ground exposure to noise this

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involves flying the plane in at a steep

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approach and letting the distance reduce

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the noise on the ground eventually all

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the known noise control techniques will

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be combined in an effort to produce a

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truly quiet engine surveyor

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lunar orbiter Mariner

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biyo satellite xb-70 Saturn 5

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aeronautics and space highlights in 1967

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a year of continued research and

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this has been an Aeronautics and Space